Mengenali 'past participle'

#ServisProofread & #Terjemah BM-English
#KelasEnglishDewasa & #MUET - R M 69 shj!
#UpahTesis & #KhidmatTranskripsiAudio

#Pahala - Share ni!  >> http://MyCambridge.blogspot.com

---

Dalam bahasa Inggeris terdapat istilah 'Past Participle'.

Dalam bahasa Melayu tidak terdapat istilah yang sepadan dengan istilah ini.

Tiada garis panduan bagaimana untuk mengubah ejaan dari 'infinitive' (kata dasar) kepada 'Past Participle'. Cuma, biasanya bagi 'Regular verb', kita menambah 'ed' atau 'd' kepada ejaan 'infinitive' (kata dasar), sementara bagi 'Irregular verb', selain dari penambahan 'ed' dan 'd'. Selain dari itu, ada juga 'verb' yang tidak berubah dari 'infinitive'. Tiada garis panduan khusus, oleh itu anda perlu membiasakan diri membaca bacaan-bacaan dalam bahasa Inggeris.

'Past Participle' ialah satu sistem ejaan (dan sebutan) dimana ejaan 'kata dasar' ('infinitive') diubahsuai sedikit apabila :

1. Perbuatan/kejadian itu berlaku/terjadi dalam semua bentuk 'Active' (aktif) dalam semua 'perfect tense' iaitu 'Present Perfect tense', 'Past Perfect tense', 'Future Perfect tense' jika dinyatakan dalam bentuk 'active' (aktif) dan 'questions' (soalan/pertanyaan).

2. Perbuatan/kejadian itu berlaku/terjadi dalam semua bentuk 'Passive' (pasif) dalam semua 'tense' samada 'Present tense', 'Present perfect tense', 'Present Continuous tense', 'Present Perfect Continuous tense', 'Past tense', 'Past Continuous tense', 'Past Perfect tense', 'Past Perfect Continuous tense', 'Future tense', 'Future Continuous tense', 'Future perfect tense', 'Future Perfect Continuous tense'.

'Past participle' TIDAK digunakan jika :

1. Perbuatan/kejadian itu berlaku/terjadi dalam semua bentuk 'Active' (aktif) dalam 'continuous tense' (iaitu 'Present continuous tense', 'Past continuous tense', 'Future continuous tense').

2. Perbuatan/kejadian itu berlaku/terjadi dalam semua bentuk 'Active' (aktif) dalam 'simple tense' (iaitu 'simple present tense', 'simple past tense', 'simple future tense').

3. Perbuatan/kejadian itu berlaku/terjadi dalam semua bentuk 'questions' (soalan/pertanyaan) dalam 'simple tense' (iaitu 'simple present tense', 'simple past tense', 'simple future tense').

Contoh 'past participle' :

Melayu (Kata Dasar)	English (infinitive)	English (past participle)
Jalan	Walk	Walked
Makan	Eat	Eaten
Lari	Run	Ran
Tidur	Sleep	Slept
Kerja	Work	Worked
Ajar	Teach	Taught
Pandu	Drive	Driven
Baca	Read	Read
Dengar	Listen	Listened
Minum	Drink	Drunk

Ejaan 'past tense' dan 'Past Participle'

Dalam kebanyakan perkataan, ada ejaan bagi 'past tense' yang serupa dengan ejaan 'past participle' hingga menimbulkan sedikit kekeliruan, tapi ada juga ejaan bagi 'past tense' yang tidak sama dengan ejaan 'past participle'. Oleh itu, rajin-rajinlah membaca makalah bahasa Inggeris untuk dapatkan perbezaan antara 'past tense' dengan 'past participle'.

Berikut ialah beberapa contoh persamaan dan perbezaan antara 'past tense' dengan 'past participle' :

Melayu (Kata Dasar)	English (infinitive)	English (past participle)	English (past tense)
Jalan	Walk	Walked	Walked
Makan	Eat	Eaten	Ate
Lari	Run	Ran	Ran
Tidur	Sleep	Slept	Slept
Kerja	Work	Worked	Worked
Ajar	Teach	Taught	Taught
Pandu	Drive	Driven	Drove
Baca	Read	Read	Read
Dengar	Listen	Listened	Listened
Minum	Drink	Drunk	Drank

Contoh-contoh berdasarkan perkataan dan 'tense':

Perkataan contoh : Eat (makan).

Bentuk	Masa	Objek	Contoh	Catitan
Aktif	Present tense	I. You. Singular. Plural	Do/does eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Present continuous tense		Am/Is/are eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Aktif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Present tense		Don't/doesn't eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Negatif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Pasif	Present tense		Do/does be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Present tense		Don't/doesn't be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have not been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have not been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Aktif	Past tense		Did eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Past continuous tense		Was/were eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Past Perfect tense		Had eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Aktif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Past tense		Didn't eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Past continuous tense		Was't/weren't eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Past Perfect tense		Had not eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Negatif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Pasif	Past tense		Did be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Past continuous tense		Was/were being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Past Perfect tense		Had been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Past tense		Didn't be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Past continuous tense		Was/were not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Past Perfect tense		Had not been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had not been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Aktif	Future tense		Will eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Future continuous tense		Will be eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Aktif	Future Perfect tense		Will has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Aktif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Future tense		Will not eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Future continuous tense		Will not be eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Negatif	Future Perfect tense		Will not have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Negatif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will not had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Pasif	Future tense		Will be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Future continuous tense		Will be being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Future Perfect tense		Will have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will had been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Future tense		Will not be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Future continuous tense		Will not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Future Perfect tense		Will not have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Pasif Negatif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will not have been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Present tense		Do/does eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Present continuous tense		Am/Is/are eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Present tense		Don't/doesn't eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Present tense		Do/does be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Present tense		Don't/doesn't be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Present continuous tense		Am/is/are not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Present Perfect tense		Has/have not been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Present Perfect Continuous tense		Has/have not been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Past tense		Did eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Past continuous tense		Was/were eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Past Perfect tense		Had eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Past tense		Didn't eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Past continuous tense		Was't/weren't eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Past Perfect tense		Had not eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Past tense		Did be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Past continuous tense		Was/were being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Past Perfect tense		Had been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Past tense		Didn't be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Past continuous tense		Was/were not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Past Perfect tense		Had not been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Past Perfect Continuous tense		Had not been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Future tense		Will eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Future continuous tense		Will be eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Future Perfect tense		Will has/have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Aktif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will have been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Future tense		Will not eat	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Future continuous tense		Will not be eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Future Perfect tense		Will not have eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Negatif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will not had been eating	(Tiada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Future tense		Will be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Future continuous tense		Will be being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Future Perfect tense		Will have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will had been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Future tense		Will not be eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Future continuous tense		Will not being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Future Perfect tense		Will not have been eaten	(Ada 'past participle')
Soalan : Pasif Negatif	Future Perfect Continuous tense		Will not have been being eaten	(Ada 'past participle')

---

Komen

- Tidak pasti apakah fungsi/kebaikan menggunakan konsep 'past participle'. Nampaknya ia satu 'redundancy' (ada tapi tidak ada gunanya). Mungkin keujudannya disebabkan sejarah tapi nampaknya tidak relevan lagi.